East African Journal of Research and Innovation
The East African Journal of Research and Innovation (EAJRI) is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access journal that publishes high-quality interdisciplinary research with a strong focus on innovation and real-world impact. Established in 2025, the journal provides a platform for scholars, practitioners, and policymakers to share cutting-edge knowledge across health sciences, technology, social sciences, business, environment, education, and governance. EAJRI operates under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license, ensuring that all articles are freely accessible and reusable with proper citation. All submissions undergo rigorous double-blind peer review to maintain the highest standards of academic integrity. The journal is committed to long-term preservation of published content through LOCKSS and CLOCKSS archiving systems and encourages authors to deposit works in institutional repositories. By fostering open knowledge exchange, EAJRI advances research visibility from Africa to the world.
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Attitude towards human papillomavirus vaccine uptake among girls aged 9-13 years in Kyenjojo Primary School, Kyenjojo district. A cross-sectional study.
Background: In Uganda, the burden of cervical cancer has increased significantly, partly due to low uptake of preventive measures such as HPV vaccination. This study assessed attitudes towards HPV vaccine uptake among girls aged 9–13 years at Kyenjojo Primary School in Kyenjojo District. Methodology: A cross-sectional study employing quantitative methods was conducted among 70 girls aged 9–13 years. Respondents were selected using simple random sampling. Data were collected using a structured, researcher-administered questionnaire translated into Rutooro. Data were analyzed using SPSS to generate descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages, and results were presented in tables and charts. Ethical approval, consent, and assent were obtained prior to data collection. Results: The majority of respondents (49.3%) were aged 13 years, with most being Batoro (53%) and Protestants (40.2%). Slightly more than half (52.8%) had received the HPV vaccine, indicating moderate uptake. Most vaccinations were conducted at school (39.3%). A large proportion (85%) reported no side effects following vaccination, suggesting generally positive experiences. However, 71% of respondents did not receive health education prior to vaccination, and information sources were inconsistent, with only a small proportion obtaining information from parents (14%) and health workers (17.6%). These gaps contribute to mixed attitudes, uncertainty, and hesitancy towards vaccination. Conclusion: Attitudes towards HPV vaccination among adolescent girls are mixed, with both positive experiences and significant gaps in awareness and pre-vaccination education influencing uptake. Recommendations: There is a need for strengthened health education programs targeting adolescents, increased involvement of parents, teachers, and healthcare workers, and improved communication strategies to foster positive attitudes and enhance HPV vaccine uptake.
Copyright (c) 2026 Carolyn Ahurra, Jane Namagga Kasozi, Agnes Alupo, Olivia Sasirabo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sex education through planning, management, and administration: a systematic review
Sexual behavior is an important aspect of human functioning that is biological, psychological, and sociological in nature. Traditionally, sexual behavior is seen as a managed activity that is related to personal, familial, and social well-being. However, current trends in sexual behavior focus on immediacy and self-expression to a greater extent than on moderation, planning, and management. The purpose of the current research was to explore the role of planning, management, and administration in adult sex education through a systematic literature review. Literature was reviewed from various sources such as Google Scholar, books, and peer-reviewed articles published between 1990 and 2025. Literature on adult sexual behavior, self-regulation, and health outcomes was reviewed, while studies on adolescence, childhood, and natural learning were excluded from the analysis. A total of 23 studies were reviewed using a literature review matrix and thematic analysis techniques. Four major themes were identified from the reviewed literature: the procreative and relational aspects of sex, the consequences of sexual excess, the lack of planning in adult sexual behavior, and the absence of administrative frameworks in sexual regulation and self-regulation. The findings suggest that unmanaged sexual behavior is related to outcomes such as fatigue, stress, relationship dynamics, and health outcomes, while planned and self-regulatory approaches to sexual behavior are related to positive outcomes such as improvements in psychological, relational, and physical well-being.
Copyright (c) 2026 Albert Byiringiro (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Contribution of fencing strategy to biodiversity conservation and socio-economic development in northern province, Rwanda: a case study of the community surrounding Volcano National Park.
The Northern Rwandan Volcanoes National Park (VNP) is a globally recognized biodiversity hotspot. It is under growing threat from conflicts between people and wildlife, as well as pressure from land use change that degrades habitat. Fencing was chosen as one of the methods of conservation to protect its biodiversity and lessen wildlife conflicts with nearby residents. Less is known about the ways in which this approach influenced the socio-economic and ecological growth of the neighborhoods surrounding the park. This project investigated how fencing strategies play a role in balancing socio-economic development and biodiversity conservation in the regions surrounding Volcanoes National Park in the northern province of Rwanda. In order to assess how the park's fencing design contributes to lowering human-wildlife conflict, protecting habitats, and enhancing the standard of living for nearby populations, the study employed mixed-methods approach that included questionnaires, interviews, and field observations. Findings show that fences have improved food security and economic stability for those living close to the VNP while also somewhat lowering the frequency of crop raiding and animal predation. The study also highlights the significance of inclusive management techniques and community concerns around access to traditional resources. The results highlight how important it is to combine ecological preservation with local development objectives in order to reap the long-term advantages of conservation. The study identifies the wildlife species that are most and least impacted by the technique, as well as the function that fencing plays in preserving endangered wildlife species and the effects that the strategy has on local customs and cultural values. The study recommends that the Rwanda Development Board enhance community participation, strengthening community outreach programs for the importance of the fence, improve benefit-sharing, and strengthen awareness. Local leaders should support communication and community conservation, while researchers should examine the cultural impacts of fencing.
Copyright (c) 2026 MUJAWIMANA Alice (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Corporal punishment threatening remedial teaching and learning in Rwandan primary schools. A systematic review.
Background: Corporal punishment is a common form of disciplinary action in lower primary schools across Rwanda and other settings, with notable effects on remedial teaching and learning. Fear-based disciplinary methods have been associated with decreased learner involvement, motivation, and performance in primary learning areas. There have also been negative effects on governance and stakeholder engagement. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review on the effects of corporal punishment on remedial teaching and learning in lower primary schools, with perspectives from learners, teachers, and management stakeholders, and the potential effects of stakeholder engagement on the negative effects of corporal punishment. Methodology: The study was conducted by searching peer-reviewed journal articles from various academic databases and supplementing the findings with reference lists from key articles, with literature from Rwanda, other African countries, and the world over. Empirical and theoretical literature on corporal punishment, classroom management, remedial education, and learning outcomes among primary learners was used. The literature included various methodologies and perspectives on the effects of corporal punishment on remedial learning outcomes. Non-peer-reviewed literature and opinions were excluded from the study. The target population for the study was learners, teachers, and management stakeholders, with the intervention being the use or non-use of corporal punishment as a disciplinary method and its effects on remedial learning outcomes. Results: The findings from the study revealed that corporal punishment hurts learner engagement and motivation, and the relationship between stakeholders and management. Conversely, non-punitive methods with the support of stakeholder engagement have a positive impact on remedial education. Conclusion: The limitations of the study are the lack of comprehensive reporting from the literature and the fact that the settings varied. The study did not require registration.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alex Byiringiro (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Technical training quality and perceived student satisfaction at Nakawa Vocational Training College. A cross-sectional study.
Background The study aimed to examine the relationship between technical training quality and student satisfaction at Nakawa Vocational Training College. Methodology This study employed a quantitative cross-sectional design to examine relationships among technical training quality, brand image, and student satisfaction at NVTC. From a population of 411 final-year students, 197 were randomly selected using Krejcie and Morgan’s table. Primary data were collected through a structured, self-administered Likert-scale questionnaire. Validity was ensured using a Content Validity Index above 0.70, while reliability was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha ≥0.70. Data were analyzed in SPSS using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, and multiple regressions, under strict ethical standards and oversight measures Results The study analyzed data from 197 NVTC students, of whom 102 (51.8%) were male and 95 (48.2%) female. Most respondents were aged 26-30 years (37.1%), followed by 19-25 years (27.9%), 30 years and above (21.8%), and 15-18 years (13.2%). Descriptive statistics indicated moderately positive perceptions of technical training quality. Teaching methods recorded mean scores between 2.83 ± 1.07 and 3.19 ± 1.18, curriculum relevance ranged from 3.24 ± 1.18 to 3.38 ± 1.16, while adequacy of academic resources ranged from 3.07 ± 1.19 to 3.46 ± 1.14. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between technical training quality and student satisfaction (r = 0.343, p ≤ 0.01), with a strong association between overall training quality and academic resources (r = 0.866, p ≤ 0.01). Regression analysis showed that technical training quality significantly predicted student satisfaction (β = 0.437, t = 6.523, p < 0.01), explaining 39.9% of the variance (R² = 0.399; F = 15.529). Conclusion There is a significant positive relationship between technical training quality and perceived student satisfaction. Recommendation Prioritize investing in tangible resources and the implementation of continuous professional development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Julius Nankunda, Prof. Geoffrey Kituyi Mayoka, Chris Muhango, Obadiah Kamugisha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The relationship between automated accounting and the quality of financial reporting in Kasese district local government. A cross-sectional study.
Background: The automation of core accounting functions is a cornerstone of modern Integrated Financial Management Systems (IFMS). This study assessed the relationship between automated accounting processes and the quality of financial reporting. Methods: A mixed-methods, cross-sectional approach was used. Data was gathered from 100 respondents, predominantly experienced via questionnaires and interviews with key informants from the Finance and Audit departments. Data was analyzed using SPSS for correlation and regression. Results: In this study 71% are male and 29% female, 48% aged 36-45, 56% with 6+ years,and 78% hold a degree. A strong positive correlation was found between automated accounting and financial reporting quality (r = 0.712, p<0.01). Respondents reported high automation in transaction recording (Mean=4.298) and system integration (Mean=4.373). However, significant challenges persisted in automated report generation (Mean=2.954), updating payrolls (Mean=2.380), and enforcing segregation of duties (Mean=2.745). Conclusion: Automated accounting significantly enhances the accuracy and auditability of financial data, but its full potential is hampered by functionality gaps and user competency issues. Recommendation: The district must enforce regular capacity building for accounting staff, and strengthen internal audit mechanisms to ensure data accuracy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zelina Mbindule, Dr. Muhammad Sendagi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The impact of planning of Universal Secondary Education on students’ performance among rural secondary schools in Masindi district, Uganda. A cross-sectional study.
Background: Planning is a step-by-step process with objectives and end products that can be evaluated. Planning positively influences firm performance, and measurement methods and contingency factors are primarily responsible for the inconsistencies. Strategic planning could lead to a loss of innovativeness and authenticity, as well as inflexible and time-consuming plans being equated to strategy. There is an inherent knowledge gap in the relationship between planning and firm performance. This study intends to assess the impact of planning Universal Secondary education on students’ performance in rural secondary schools in the Masindi district. Methodology: The research was conducted using both quantitative and qualitative approaches, using a survey and a descriptive cross-sectional research design. Data was collected and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, where conclusions were drawn from tables and figures from the Package. Results: 58.7% of the respondents were males, and the majority (58.0%) were aged 15-20 years. 42.7% of the respondents disagree that school planning is done concurrently between the administration and ministry, with a mean of 2.1. 57.3% of the respondents disagreed that the government provides boarding facilities in USE schools, with a mean of 1.7, and 34.7% of the respondents disagreed that the national budgeting and planning gives USE higher consideration, with a mean of Conclusion: Planning of USE influences students’ performance in rural secondary schools in Masindi district. Use Schools whose planning is done by the ministry, and more generalized as opposed to those schools that are planned for by the administrators and managers who implement policies perform poorly than those that have an established local planning unit or committee. Recommendation: The ministry should allow schools to get genuinely involved in planning since they are the direct program implementers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Moses Galandi Mabuzi, Henry Noel (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relationship between existing work benefit packages and performance of academic staff in selected private secondary schools in Kamwenge District. A cross-sectional study.
Background: Acquisition of skills may enhance employee job satisfaction because it is easy to shift to other jobs that have high satisfaction. The aim of the study is to assess the relationship between existing work benefit packages and the performance of academic staff in selected private secondary schools in Kamwenge district. Methodology: A cross-sectional case study design using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The study population was academic and administrative staff from six private secondary schools in Kamwenge District. A population comprising 140 respondents. Results: A strong positive correlation (rho = .727) between benefit packages and employee performance. The coefficient of determination (rho2 = .522) shows that benefit packages accounted for 52.2% variance in employee performance. The significance (p) was 0.000, below the 0.05 level of significance. A moderate linear relationship (Multiple R = .677) between the combination of dimensions of benefit packages (tuition fees assistance, gratuity, and health insurance) and employee performance. ANOVA tests revealed that the significance (Sig F=.000) of the Fisher's ratio (F= 21.191) was below the significance level of 0.05, and therefore the results were accepted. Only tuition fees assistance (p-value = .000) had a significant effect on employee performance; gratuity (p-value = .305) and health insurance (p-value = .008) did not have a significant effect on employee performance. Conclusions: Work benefit packages motivate staff members to improve performance with the provision of tuition fee assistance, gratuity, and health insurance, which will lead to improved employee performance in Kamwenge private secondary schools. Recommendations: The school should provide health insurance benefits to all academic staff members. This will help cater to the health needs of staff members and their immediate family members, thus motivating staff members to work harder for improved performance.
Private secondary schools in Kamwenge district
Copyright (c) 2026 Vallence Tukacungurwa, Muhamad Ssendagi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The influence of result dissemination on employees’ performance in Alebtong district. Across-sectional study.
Background. Employees often find themselves in situations where they must change direction frequently. Therefore, employee seeks constant feedback to determine whether the direction they are working is what is expected by the organization. Performance appraisal policy for employees must be frequent, accurate, specific and timely. This study aimed at assessing the influence of result dissemination on employees’ performance in Alebtong district. Methodology. A cross-sectional research design that exploited a quantitative-approach was adopted. The sample size was 141 participants, the study population included principal officers, senior officers, officers, and senior assistants, assistant officers, and subordinate staff respectively. Results. (40.43) of the participants had 5-10 years of experience, (33.33%) of the participants had Bachelor&#39;s degrees level of education. Results dissemination had a positive coefficient of 0.255, and it is statistically significant (p &lt; 0.01). This suggests that effective result dissemination is associated with improved employee performance. When results are communicated well within the organization, employees are more likely to perform better. Result Dissemination had a correlation of (0.406), indicating that as these variables increase, employee performance tends to increase as well. most employees agree that regular feedback is provided by supervisors, as evident from a combined 73.8% of respondents either strongly agreeing or agreeing Conclusion. Effective result dissemination within the organization is associated with improved employee performance, highlighting the importance of clear result communication for better employee outcomes. Recommendation. Organizations should prioritize clear result dissemination through transparent communication channels, including technology-driven platforms. Additionally, provide training to managers for constructive feedback delivery to foster a culture of continuous improvement and engagement.
Physical and perceived school environment
Copyright (c) 2025 Collins Constant Alunga, Dr. Muhamad Ssendagi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The impact of school environment on the performance of teachers in public primary schools in Apapai Sub-County in Kalaki district in Uganda. A cross-sectional study.
Background. School environment is a hierarchical system with many sub-systems such as the school leadership, drainage, classroom, blackboards, school compound, sanitation, toilets and urinals, staffroom, sitting facilities, teaching and learning materials, leadership styles of the head teachers, monitoring and evaluation, the school neighborhood and the community. This study determined the impact of school environment on the performance of teachers in public primary schools in Apapai Sub-County in Kalaki district in Uganda Methodology. The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional survey research design - with both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The target population for the study was 128 respondents, data was collected using structured questioner and interview guides. The results were analysed using SPSS to. Data presentation is in form of tables displaying frequencies and percentages. Pearson Correlation coefficient analysis was conducted to establish the relationship while linear regression analysis was conducted to establish the strength and magnitude of the relationship between study variables. Results. 48% of respondents were school management committees, (62.6%) of the respondents were male. The Pearson correlation coefficient between school environment and teacher’s performance was 0.209, which shows a weak positive correlation. The correlation is statistically significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed), with a p-value of 0.000. The contribution of environment to the performance of teachers in public primary schools in Kalaki district is approximately 4% (R Square change = 0.40). The contribution was found to be significant at 1% level (F change = 24.784, p ≤ 0.01). Conclusion. School environment has a statistically significant effect on teachers’ performance in public primary schools in Kalaki district. Recommendation. School management should provide sufficient classrooms to improve interaction between the pupils and the teachers in public primary schools in Kalaki district Keywords. Teacher performance, Public primary schools, Apapai Sub-County, Physical and perceived school environment
Copyright (c) 2025 Nathan Eilu Ejotu, Muhamad Ssendagi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The influence of housing on performance of teachers in public primary schools in Apapai Sub-County in Kalaki district in Ugand. A cross-sectional study.
Background. Housing may provide investment opportunities, offer shelter and improve on an employees’ social and cultural status. This study aimed at assessing the influence of housing on performance of teachers in public primary schools in Apapai Sub-County in Kalaki district in Ugand. Methodology. The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional survey research design - with both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The target population for the study was 128 respondents, data was collected using structured questioner and interview guides. The results were analysed using SPSS to. Data presentation is in form of tables displaying frequencies and percentages. Pearson Correlation coefficient analysis was conducted to establish the relationship while linear regression analysis was conducted to establish the strength and magnitude of the relationship between study variables. Results 37.4% of the respondents were females, 52 % while members of the school management committees. 91.4% of the strongly disagreed the school has enough teachers’ houses. The Pearson correlation coefficient between Teachers housing and teacher performance was 0.719, which is a strong positive correlation. The correlation was statistically significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed), with a p-value of 0.000 and the contribution of housing to the performance of teachers in public primary schools in Kalaki districts approximately 1.5% (R Square change = 0.015). The contribution was found to be significant at 1% level (F change = 7.594, p ≤ 0.01). Conclusion. Housing has a statistically significant effect on teachers’ performance in public primary schools in Kalaki district. improvement in the provision of teachers’ housing leads to a significant increase in teachers’ performance. Recommendation. Education policy makers, implementers and managers should pay much attention to the provision of teachers’ housing at school in public primary schools in Kalaki district.
The effect of administrative decentralization on service delivery among administrative staffs in Central Equatorial state, South Sudan. A cross-sectional study.
Background. Administrative decentralization (sometimes referred as institutional decentralization) involves the full or partial transfer of any array of functional responsibilities to the local level institutions such as health care service, the operation of schools, the management service personnel, the buildings and maintenance of roads and garbage collection. This study sought to assess the effect of administrative decentralization on service delivery in Central Equatorial state, South Sudan. Methodology. The study adopted both descriptive cross-sectional survey research design and explanatory research design to identify, analyze, and describe the relationship between financial decentralization and service delivery. The target population of the study was the county administration staff. Stratified random sampling technique was used. A representative sample of 150 residents (50 from each county) was selected. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analysis. Result. Administrative decentralization demonstrated a statistically significant influence on service delivery in Central Equatorial State with the highest mean of 4.03. 73% of the participants agreed that county government has adequate autonomy to contract services without direction from the national government, 88% agreed that the county government has autonomy to hire new employees, 85% of the respondents agreed that the county government has autonomy to fire county employees and 89% agreed that county government has power to sign employment contracts with county employees. Conclusion. There was statistically significant influence of administrative decentralization on service delivery in Central Equatorial State, South Sudan. It was possible to infer that the relationship between administrative decentralization and service delivery is positive and significant. Recommendation National government should grant county government greater autonomy to contract services at county level, hire and fire county employees, sign employment contracts and increase expertise of county employees.
Policy, Governance, and Sustainable Development
Effects of administrative decentralization
Copyright (c) 2025 Charles Modi, Simon Mwesigwa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0